From Africa to Slavery in America - 887 Words

African slavery provided cheap labor for the proprietors, however most of the slaves suffered terrible conditions from the moment they were captured until their life ended. They lived and worked in horrible conditions. Many families’ lives were destroyed when they came to the Americas, and they had an enormous lack of rights and freedoms, such as a simple education. A large number of slaves that were brought to the Americas were captured when the villages were raided. Adults during the raids were captured by being bound and gagged and they would sometimes put infants into sacks. The overwhelming majority of slaves sold to Europeans had not been slaves in Africa. They were free people who were captured in war, were victims of banditry or were enslaved as punishment for certain crimes. (Digital History). After slaves were kidnapped they were put onto ships and taken to the Americas. The conditions of the slave ships were wretched. People were crammed side by side with not much room or food (Aboard a Slave Ship, 1829). There were two ways slaves were loaded onto the ships. One way was to take a lighter load of people, so more people who would survive by the time they got to the Americas, and there would be less disease on the ship. The second way was cram as many people you could, with the tactic that the more people they had, the more profit. This way was very unsanitary and all of the slaves on the ship had horrible hygiene because of it. Some captains would not even provideShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Olaudah Equianos The Middle Passage1019 Words   |  4 Pagespractice of race-based slavery in the Americas is the fact that slavery existed in Africa during that time period and that Africans were complicit in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. What is fascinating about Olaudah Equianos discussion of the Middle Passage is that, as a man who had been enslaved in Africa prior to being shipped as a slave to the Americas, he was in a unique position to describe slavery in Africa with his introduction to European-influenced slavery in North America. His perception wasRead MoreSlave Trade673 Words   |  3 PagesSlave Trade Many times discussions about slavery examine the everlasting racial impact of the practice. However, the reality is that Africans sold Africans into the slave trade, which, at that time, was far more motivated by finances than by any underlying racial motivation. Looking at the Great Circuit, and how African traders and political leaders impacted the slave trade, one sees Africans playing a significant role in the early slave trade. However, there were differences in how the slaveRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano877 Words   |  4 Pageshis life. Equiano was from a small province of Africa called Eboe where they were well mannered and traditional. He grew up in a wealthy and established family with his mother, father, and siblings. During the course of Equiano’s life he had some good and challenging time, but through it all he endured it to the end. Throughout his life Equiano experienced what he feels like to be free and to be a slave. In the memoir forced, cruel, and child labor was depicted. Slaves in Africa were treated exceptionallyRead MoreThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Slavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early slavery within Africa was a common practice in many societies, and was very central to the country’s economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two groups of non-African slave traders significantly altered the traditional African forms of slavery that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now being forced to leave theRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Slavery1128 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery is one of the most inhumane acts the world has ever known. Africans were kidnapped and forced into slavery by Europeans; they were separated from their families and forced to work on plantations. They were placed in unbearable conditions and the prevalent racism attached onto this system fueled the mistreatment and oppression of black people for years to come. The origins of the widespread African slavery in America as we know today started in early colon ial America when people needed cheapRead MoreThe Three Cs ( Christianity, Commerce And Civilization1172 Words   |  5 Pagesearly repatriation movement of African descendants from the Americas that they were looking for the â€Å"Black Nationality† by establishing an American colony in Africa. DuBois’ notion of double consciousness shed light on their dilemma in relation to Africa and Africans. The notion presents how the African Americans are perceived by the white Americans in the American society where the majority are whites. The difficulties experienced by returnees from the West regarding reintegration into African societiesRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Olandah Equiano1716 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides a view of Africa and the rest of the world from the perspective of either an African taken into slavery early in his life or a slave of African descent born in the British colonies. Olandah Equiano’s narrative reveals more about the African Diaspo ra than it does African history itself, particularly with his birthplace called into question. If he was born in Africa as he claims, Equiano’s narrative provides a primary source for the history of the slave trade in Africa and Nigerian historyRead MoreTransatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects on the American Economy1627 Words   |  7 Pageson the american economy Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade is a â€Å"wrenching aspect of the history of Africa and America† (Colin Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the â€Å"New World†. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. Slavery has had a big impact on African culture. The Africans were forced to migrate away from everything they knew, culture, heritage and lifestyles (Captive Passage). Coupled with they were faced with racism and overcameRead MoreThe Importance Of Slave Trade In Africa751 Words   |  4 Pages European nations shifted their interest from Africa’s gold to work due to many reasons; First they in need of cheap and large labor to match their products in their market. The African slaves were cheaper as compared to other continents and thus could be acquired in large numbers. In addition, African slaves were energetic and very resistance to infections and diseases. Besides this slave trade was being practiced in Africa and thus it was easy for the European nations to introduce the chattel slaveRead MoreThe Impact Of The Atlantic Slave Trade Influence Europe Economic Growth And Market Development Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesand define slavery as a principal component for global capitalism until it was not longer profitable. The atlantic slave trade influence europe economic growth and market development to rapidly spread through the atlantic trade. It was a intense dependence on the triangular trade that made merchants made big profits at the expense of the exploited labour abroad. Merchants were involved in all three sides of the triangle trade that allowed the transportation of slaves from Europe to Africa where goods

Social Organized Crime Perspective - 886 Words

Social Organized Crime Perspective May 21, 2012 CJA 384 Social Organized Crime Perspective Organized crime is found in the United States of America today and the law enforcement agencies are trying to find a way to curb its existence. Even though there are illegal businesses associated with organized crime, they are mixed in with legal businesses to portray a legal front. It also can be called a social institution because it is led by a boss and follows a chain of command much like a pyramid. Empirical and speculative theories have been developed through the years in order for the law enforcement agencies to better understand organized crime and how to deal with it. This paper will examine a social institution as it applies to†¦show more content†¦Lyman and Potter (2007) stated, The legitimate markets failure to serve sizable consumer populations is responsible for the existence of most vice operations. As a consequence, organized crime capitalizes on market voids and profits from services to these consumers.† Organized crime preys on the moral issues and l aws preventing citizens from enjoying that which they desire to have. Therefore, there is a marketable opportunity for businesses, such as prostitution, drugs, and gambling. These illegal businesses may be taking place next door, or in back of, a legitimate business so they appear to be legitimate also. Many times law enforcement officers may know they are there but look the other way. The boss has developed a relationship with someone in government that will order protection and cover for these illegal businesses. Empirical and Speculative Theories The empirical and speculative theories most applicable when applied to organized crime and criminal behavior are the queer ladder of mobility, the ethnic succession theory, the alien conspiracy theory, and the social control theory. The queer ladder of mobility believes that organized crime is just a means to an end. The greed and desire for power leads people to a life of crime to obtain the wealth and status within the community. The ethnic succession theory believes that organized crime developed around ethnic groups who immigrated to America to find the American dream. They would live togetherShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Organized Crime Perspective1155 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Organized Crime Perspective In some communities organized crime is as much of a social institution as other legitimate functions. Often, the impact of organized crime can be hidden and not readily apparent to community members. In other cases the community may come to accept the organized criminal group for the benefits they provide. Understanding how organized crime meshes into the social fabric of a community is important to understanding how to fight against it. Just as important toRead MoreSocial Organized Crime Perspective Paper815 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Organized Crime Perspective Paper Many could argue that organized crime takes place in our society because of the circumstances in which our society has chosen to exist. It could have been started because of rules, regulations, and laws that we have placed upon ourselves that not every person agrees with. It could be a problem because several of the people within our society choose to live differently because they feel they can. Whatever the logic behind the choice organized crime does existRead MoreEssay on Social Organized Crime Perspective729 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Organized Crime Prespective Nelson Mieles University of Phoenix Criminal Organizations CJA 393 James K. Roberts, M.A. January 11, 2011 Social Institution A social institution is a group that someone lives and grows up in. These institutions or groups have a goal or task to complete. For example, a school is an educational social institution in which either children or adults go to learn a way of life. Social institutions are based on structures of relationships, functions, rolesRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Crime998 Words   |  4 PagesStarz’ â€Å"Power , Social Disorganization Theory and Crime Introduction: In the television show â€Å"Power†, organized crime is the most prevalent form of crime displayed. Organized crime can be defined as a methodically unlawful activity for profit on a city-wide. interstate and worldwide scale. The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured assembly is called racketeering in the United States. The premise of this project is to research social disorganization theory as it pertains to the televisionRead MoreMajor Types Of Social Structure Theories783 Words   |  4 Pagescompare and contrast the three major types of social structure theories, and the three major types of social structure theories are social disorganization theory, strain theory, and culture conflict theory. Also, I will, include the major principles for each perspective. In this I will define social structure , and I will detail key points in each of these subjects. Introduction Social order,and economics in society explains crime by reference to the Social Structure theory. This type of theory makesRead MoreDefining Deviance1080 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Defining Deviance Deviance- doing something different from the normal Sociological Perspectives on Deviance   Formal Deviance- breaking a law or rule example: crime   Informal Deviance- doing something different from the customary Social groups create deviance by applying rules to certain people, making them â€Å"outsiders† Behavior that is deviant or normal depending on the situation Deviance stabilizes society Durkheim thinks that societies use deviance to create and point out the standard norms TheRead MoreSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Paul Blakey University of Phoenix CJA 384 30 January 2013 Social Institutions and Organized Crime Social Institutions are groups of people who have come together for a common purpose. These institutions have formed a common bond. They have done research and have concluded by joining they can achieve more. Some of the social institutions in the local community are the Boys and Girls Clubs, the Cub Scouts, the Girl Scouts. There are generally fiveRead MoreOrganized Crime And Criminal Behavior904 Words   |  4 Pagescourse I had a perspective of â€Å"organized crime† groups that did not view them in any other context other than a criminal enterprise for ethnic groups. However, after several weeks of reading and research there is much more to the organizations. There are many groups that make up our society, and are considered social institutions. Organized crime groups are just one more of those social institutions. In this paper we will review the term social institution as it applies to organized crime, and revealRead More Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesProfile of a Hate Crime Offender Sterilized from emotion, hate crime, also called bias crime, is those offenses motivated in part or singularly by personal prejudice against other because of a diversity-race, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity/national origin, or disability. Hate crimes are committed out of anger, ignorance, and lack of knowledge of another’s ideas and beliefs. There are many causes for an individual to commit a hate crime. Also, many differentRead MoreThe Memorable Periold of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1168 Words   |  5 Pagesextravagant parties, organized crime, and gambling were all major social issues throughout the â€Å"Roaring Twenties.† Fitzgerald struggled with alcoholism (Baughman, et al.), which was more than likely a result of the constant availability of alcohol. Alcoholism led to Prohibition being passed, but Prohibition was a failure, and, in the end, led to an increase in organized crime and bootlegging. In Fitzgerald’s novel, Jay Gatsby and Meyer Wolfsheim were partners in organized crime. Fitzgerald conveys

Wal Mart Case Free Essays

string(45) " usually beyond the corporations’ control\." http://www. economist. com/node/2593089 http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal Mart Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now authorstream. com/Presentation/akmohideen-193472-wal-mart-case-study-education-ppt-powerpoint/ How Could Wal Mart Continue Its Extraordinary Growth Management Essay Introduction The history of Wal-Mart started in 1962 with the opening of its first store in Arkansas, USA. The store stared as a retailer in the United States, but grew to reach extraordinary levels in the years to come. Wal-Mart grew rapidly, and used several methods to accomplish this growth. They opened their own stores as well as acquiring existing stores and chains to facilitate their entry to the new markets. The growth was not limited to the number of stores that the company opened, but it extended to the areas of operation for the store. For example, Wal-Mart entered new areas of business as it grew like pharmacies and jewelries. Wal-Mart followed an aggressive expansion strategy that was the model for their business for years, redefining concepts as they grew. But what is Wal-Mart. The store can be described as the following. It is chain of discount department stores that operate with the purpose of reducing prices, and focusing on the volume of sales. The company’s growth is extraordinary in every sense; Wal-Mart is currently the world’s largest company by sales. Wal-Mart has recorded $260 billion in sales in 2005. The company manages over 5000 stores worldwide, 3200 of the stores located in the US, 900 in the Americas, 350 in Europe, and 440 in Asia. Wal-Mart employs a very large workforce, it has over 2 million employees, and the number is gradually increasing. Wal-Mart has adopted advance mean of technology to help it run its operations, this methods helped the growth of the company. But can Wal-Mart continue with the same level of growth. A company needs to maintain growth, and to Wal-Mart a reduction in the level of growth would be a cause of concern for the company’s stakeholders, because growth has a competitive advantage for Wal-Mart ever since it started. But in the saturated business of retail can Wal-Mart sustain the levels of growth anymore. SWOT Analysis Can Wal-Mart maintain the level of growth it has seen any longer? The company has made a reputation on the bases of their growth can they keep it up, to answer that we need to conduct an analysis of the company and see elements that could determine this. A SWOT analysis would give us the needed insight. Strengths Wal-Mart is the largest company in the world; it has large volume of sales and operates over 500 stores worldwide, with 100 million clients a week. Wal-Mart has a great standing in the domestic market based on the low pricing methods they have used. Wal-Mart can change their formula to fit the market. (stores, supercenters, sam’s club, and neighborhood markets) Wal-Mart utilizes the latest technologies in inventory management to control their large inventory, and they have a wide range of products reaching over 100,000 items. Weaknesses Wal-Mart has faced criticism regarding their management of human resources, including accusation of the use of child labor, low pay for employees by industry standards, lack of benefit like health care, and reliance on temporary workers to lower their cost. The huge size of the company causes issues, like in the case of acquiring international ventures and integrating then in the Wal-Mart system. Despite its size it has a week presence and brand image in the international market. Opportunities Wal-Mart has a competitive advantage over its rivals; their incorporation of the latest technologies in their daily operation increases the efficiency of these operations and saves them some money while trying to enter new markets. So they would have an easier time that their rivals. Wal-Mart can further expand into Europe and Asia, both huge markets that Wal-Mart have not began to fully pursue. Wal-Mart can use their adaptability and introduce cultural clusters products. For example utilize the model that worked in Mexico in Latin America. Threats The market is saturated, and Wal-Mart faces intense competition in both domestic and international market. Also they face competition from specialty stores. Wal-Mart faces different laws by different countries that force it to change it methods. For example being forced to unionize the workers in china under pressure from the government. Summary Wal-Mart faces several challenges in order to sustain the levels of growth it has experienced. But it is possible Wal-Mart to grow further. The company has to use the opportunities that are present to it. They can pursue international markets more aggressively, expand in under developed markets, and continue to incorporate technology to increase efficiency and reduce costs and delays. Wal-Mart could also begin appealing to the niche markets by introducing and focusing on some special products. Question 2- What would be the limits of that growth? Introduction Growth is an essential an essential aspect of every successful corporation, and Wal-Mart in particular has made it their trademark. The rapid growth and expansion has been a competitive edge for Wal-Mart since the beginning of its operation. However, as previously mentioned, for how long can the company maintain this level of growth? Wal-Mart’s domestic market in the United States is already saturated and they face heavy competition as well, therefore, it is logical to assume that Wal-Mart’s options lies in its international ventures. The company has started to successfully dominate several foreign markets, especially in Mexico, Canada, and to some degree, the United Kingdom, at the same time, it remains absent from other regional markets in Europe and Asia. These unused markets would be the next step for Wal-Marts’ expansion, and their ability to cultivate those opportunities would be the key factor that would determine the limit of their growth. When a company ventures into international markets and unfamiliar cultures, they could face challenges that exist in adapting and changing to fit the culture. In addition, there are always external forces that would affect the growth potential of a corporation, and these factors are usually beyond the corporations’ control. You read "Wal Mart Case" in category "Papers" So in order to determine the limit of Wal-Marts growth, we have to first analyze the external environments that would affect it, the analysis is named the PESTLE analysis of external forces. PESTLE Analysis The PESTLE analysis is a tool, used to examine the external forces that could affect a company or a corporation. This analysis tool would focus on six aspects which are the political forces, the economical factors, social elements, technological innovations, legal issues, and environmental considerations. Political Forces The political orders and systems differ from one country to another; they vary depending on the region you target. A company would be under the mercy of the political forces in each country it tries to enter; this will be a huge burden on companies and especially Wal-Mart. Since Wal-Mart prefers standardization methods, it would be a deviation from their successful methods of operation if they have to cater and change in every country they enter. To further elaborate, if Wal-Mart had to change in every country they entered, they would have to create different processes for every time they penetrate a new market, including, administration, training, and management. When it comes to growth, those factors could very well limit the growth of Wal-Mart in a new market or make it too expensive to be economically feasible. Economic Factors The economic cycle would obviously have a great effect on all aspects of any corporation. The economic booms encourage companies to expand, while the economic downturns force them to retreat. The effects of an economical downturn would limit or end the growth of a corporation, when a company plans to venture into new markets; they would have to take into consideration the type of economy they enter or the forecasted performance of said economy. Wal-Mart could expand into a market and be faced with an unexpected situation that would force it to cease operation, thus incurring a loss. Wal-Mart is in a constant state of expansion, so, suffering a loss in any of its fronts would reduce the profitability of the company and would damage future international expansion plans. Social Elements Societies differ from one country to another, the differences could be unimportant to a multinational corporation like Wal-Mart, or they could be severe enough that Wal-Marts would not be able to operate in that market. For example, Wal-Marts retail chain depends on low prices with low profit margins, but large volume of sales. That method could very well not work in other countries in which the society has different purchasing habits. The inability of a company to adapt to the social characteristics of a new country would severely limit their clients’ base in that country, or it could end their operations completely. Technological Innovations Wal-Mart has always utilized state of the art technology to gain a competitive edge, they have an integrated system of inventories that controls and monitors replenishing the stock in every store, this aspect dramatically increases the companys’ efficiency. Furthermore, the company is always looking for new technological ways to cut costs and increase efficiency. In the case of expansion into foreign markets, this vital aspect of Wal-Marts operation would be threatened. If a certain country does not have the infrastructure to support this kind of technology, Wal-Mart would lose that competitive edge in that market. As a result, the Wal-Mart model would not be fully usable in that market, which would decrease profitability and eventually limit the organizations growth. Legal Issues Laws that are different from one country to another could very well limit the growth of a company, by restricting certain aspects and eliminating others; they disturb the work flow of a company. These limitations forced by foreign laws are a major concern for an international company. Environmental Considerations The environment and the quest to maintain it has a great effect on major international corporations. Wal-Mart in specific, have had their run-ins with this certain issue, they have faced criticism and limitations in several countries due to a wide range of basis. Issues such as building stores on historic sites, or selling products that used wood from protected forests are issues that have more than once halted the expansion of Wal-Mart. Summary As seen, the company has no choice but to seek new markets to keep expanding, the growth rate could not be sustained in the US retail market. The limit of the Wal-Marts growth would be their abilities in penetrating international markets, and how they deal with the barriers that those external forces push them into. Ultimately, it would come down to flexibility and willingness to change from the companies’ part. On the other hand, Wal-Mart can recreate its amazing growth performance in its domestic market by fully analyzing all the possible external forces that could have a hand in limiting their growth and formulating the strategic plans that would allow them to carry the essence of their successful model into new markets, even if it was in a new form. Question 3- Did Asia and Europe offer Wal-Mart real opportunities for international market dominance? Introduction One of the major aims of any company is growth; they seek to expand their market share or client base or any of the several elements. Eventually, the growth is their goal, due to that fact that when a company stops growing it gives the image of trouble to its stakeholders. Companies will at some point have to consider exploring new markets, these markets would most likely be outside the companys home country. Expansion into a foreign market offers many advantages to companies and is very appealing to most of them, however, it is important that all corporations carefully analyze the environments that they are about to enter. In these foreign markets, there could be forces that if ignored could cost a company greatly. Wal-Mart is not new to international expansion and they already operate in several countries. Despite that fact, Wal-Marts performance in some international markets did not match their extraordinary domestic growth. To better understand those reasons, we have to analyze the environments that Wal-Mart ventured into, as well as the forces they faced. Porters Five Forces The Porter Five Forces is a tool used to analyze the competitive environment in any industry in order to determine the level of threats that the company faces. Porter categorized the threats into five headings. Threat of new entry Wal-Mart is in the retail business and more specifically the discount retail industry, the threat of new entry is low to medium. Wal-Mart is a well established company that has mastered the processes and has set up highly efficient operations, especially their distribution networks. Threats on this level is low due to the barriers that a new competitor would face in order to compete against Wal-Mart. This point is at its strongest in Wal-Marts domestic market, the situation is different when Wal-Mart ventured abroad where Wal-Marts lesser presence acts against it, but even then, Wal-Mart could enter the market and use its pricing methods to successfully obtain a share in the new market. Threat of Rivalry This threat is medium to high; Wal-Mart has a lot of competitors in both domestic and international markets and as a result of Wal-Marts nature, it has a large number of competitors. Wal-Mart faces intense competition from organizations such as Target and Best Buy, each of those companies are a threat to Wal-Marts dominance in the market. In the international field, Wal-Mart faces competition from well established multinational corporations like Carrefour, the level of competition that Wal-Mart faces abroad is significantly higher due to their weaker presence in those markets. The bargaining power of customers The bargaining power of customers is how much of an effect can the reaction and interaction of customers have on the strategies that companies use. This force is medium, while it is true that customers would have a wide range of choices and options to choose from other than Wal-Mart, the company possesses the characteristics that attracted people to it in the first place, that aspect being convenience. A single individual/customer would have no bargaining power if he/she sought the convenience of having everything in one place; however, customers that have specific needs would simply go to another store for their purchases. The bargaining power suppliers Wal-Mart sells general items in addition to some of its own product lines; they are a dominant force in the domestic US market, which means that suppliers have very little bargaining power over them. As a dominating force, Wal-Mart can move from one supplier to the other very easily, and with the massive variety they have, they can afford to remove some products. Larger companies that deal with Wal-Mart have somewhat more bargaining power, but in general, Wal-Mart is safe from this threat. Threat of substitutes This threat could be viewed from two different perspectives, if you consider that Wal-Mart has been selling general products, then it is easily changeable, however, if we look at it and view that the convenience of having everything in one place combined with low prices is Wal-Marts main product, then this threat is very low. There are very few places that could even offer a similar level of convenience. Summary Wal-Mart has different situations in Europe and Asia. In Europe, Wal-Marts methods were successful in the UK, but less so in other parts of the continent. They faced stiff competition and the unfamiliarity of some of those markets played a role in limiting their dominance. In Asia, their situation is rather different; many of the Asian countries are ones that have developing economies. Wal-Marts low price strategy and their ability to function with low profit margins will enable them to establish themselves in those markets. Question 4- How could the company take advantage of its global reach to propel itself through the years to come? Introduction Few companies can successfully expand to the extent that Wal-Mart has; the companys growth has been extraordinary to say the least, however, taking into consideration the companys size, Wal-Mart has a weak international presence. It is true that Wal-Mart has hundreds of stores operating outside its domestic market, which gives it a certain level of international reach. By strengthening their presence in foreign markets, they are lowering their risks and also increasing their profitability. When a company operates in many different markets, the risk of an economic downturn is less severe since the company would not depend on only one market for its profitability. Moreover, foreign markets are opportunities for growth and untapped potential. Wal-Mart could use their presence in foreign markets to grow and penetrate other close by regions. By going international, the company guarantees their presence in several markets. Companies need a strategic plan for the future, without it they have no hope of maintaining any success they might have had. Strategic Planning Strategic planning is a process in which every company plans what to do for the future; the process requires that the company have clear goals and understanding of themselves. Wal-Mart is a company that has been well aware of this process, the organization has built its name by focusing on providing items at low prices, in technical terms, and they are following the generic strategy of cost leadership. Wal-Mart aimed to be the competitor that attracts clients on the basis of low cost, despite having a wide range of products, Wal-Mart appeals to its clients’ base with their low prices. After going international, Wal-Mart attempted to immolate the formula that led to its success. However, they were faced with difficulties stemming from the cultural and social differences between its domestic market and the foreign market. Wal-Mart partially overcame that obstacle by abandoning the strategy of standardization, and adapting a flexible mean of market penetration, they have on several occasions changed their store formula to fit the local image. Wal-Marts success overseas could almost entirely be attributed to its ability to formulate their stores around local concepts by partnering up or buying out well established local chains, thus, not forcing a clash with the American image of Wal-Mart. Summary Wal-Mart has a dominating presence in their domestic market and a strong presence in several other countries. The company can use that global reach to sustain its growth for many more years to come by using the strategies that made it succeed in the first place and applying them to those new markets. This feature backed up by the companys ability to adapt to differences from one country to another would help make the penetration of the new markets run smoothly. Moreover, the global reach would allow it to make use of the ideas and resources of their partners in those markets, the ideas could benefit Wal-Mart in the fact that they could transfer it to other markets without the need of creating entirely new models. Read more:Â  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/management/how-could-wal-mart-continue-its-extraordinary-growth-management-essay. php#ixzz2NFqxWBIn How to cite Wal Mart Case, Papers

Financial Management Production and Material Budget

Question: Describe about the Financial Management for Production and Material Budget. Answer: Introduction In this given project I have to check the budget of VGL Ltd, which is the Distributor Company, as well as Milbourn Manufacturer which happens to be the manufacturer of the new and exciting product. For Milbourn Manufacturer we have to create different budgets also such as Material, Production and Labour Budget. While for VGL Ltd, we have make only the cash budget for the month of January, February, March, April. For the Milbourn Manufacturer we have to prepare the budget for the month of December, January, February and March. Milbourn and VGL Ltd are expecting the sales to start from 220000 units and gradually falling up to 100000 units in the month of May. VGL Ltd is expecting the sale price to $ 510 in the first two month and then gradually decreasing. Cash Budget Cash Budget for VGL Ltd. (Amount in $) Particulars January February March April Beginning Cash 1900000 (12410000) 49690000 109612500 Add: Sources Of Cash - Accounts Receivable Collected 22440000 89250000 81472500 60084045 Total Cash Available (A) 24340000 76840000 131162500 169696545 Less: Uses Of Cash - Direct Material From Milbourn 35200000 25600000 20000000 19200000 (160 * 120000) - Cash Expense 1550000 1550000 1550000 1550000 Total Usage Of Cash (B) 36750000 27150000 21550000 20750000 Net Cash Position (A-B) (12410000) 49690000 109612500 148946545 (Budgeting Topics, 2016) Sale Price per unit of VGL Ltd. (Amount in $) Particulars January February March April Sale Price Per unit 510 510 464.10 422.33 % Fall in Price - - 9% 9% Calculations - - 510 (510 * 9%) 464.10 (464.10 * 9%) Calculation of Total Sales of VGL Ltd. (Amount in $) Particulars January February March April Sale price per unit (a) 510 510 464.10 422.33 Units sold (b) 220000 160000 125000 120000 Total Sales (a * b) 112200000 81600000 58012500 50679600 Total Sales amount received per month of VGL Ltd. (Amount in $) Particulars January February March April Total Sales for the month: Total Sales 112200000 81600000 58012500 50679600 Payment Received from the Debtors - January 22440000 (112200000 * 20%) - - - 22440000 - February 72930000 16320000 - - 89250000 - March 16830000 53040000 11602500 - 81472500 - April - 12240000 37708125 10135920 60084045 - May - - 8701875 32941740 41643615 - June - - - 7601940 7601940 Debtors will pay in the following way: Current Month 20% 30 Days 65% 60 days 15% Manufacturing Budget Production Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. Particulars December January February March Units forecasted to be sold 220000 160000 125000 120000 Add: Closing inventory of units - - - - Less: Opening Inventory - - - - Units to be produced 220000 160000 125000 120000 (Budgeting Topics, 2016) Material Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. (Material A) Particulars December January February March Unit to be Produced 220000 160000 125000 120000 Material A required per unit 3 (220000*3) 3 (160000*3) 3 (125000*3) 3 (120000*3) Total Material A needed 660000 480000 375000 360000 Add: Closing Inventory - - - - Total Material A Required 660000 480000 375000 360000 Less: Opening Inventory - - - - Material A Purchased (a) 660000 480000 375000 360000 Material A cost per Kgs (b) $ 3.50 $ 3.50 $ 3.50 $ 3.50 Total Cost (a * b) ($) 2310000 1680000 1312500 1260000 Material Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. (Material B) Particulars December January February March Unit to be Produced 220000 160000 125000 120000 Material B required per unit 6 6 6 6 Total Material B needed 1320000 (220000*6) 960000 (160000*6) 750000 (125000*6) 720000 (120000*6) Add: Closing Inventory - - - - Total Material B Required 1320000 960000 750000 720000 Less: Opening Inventory - - - - Material B Purchased (a) 1320000 960000 750000 720000 Material B cost per Kgs (b) $ 4.50 $ 4.50 $ 4.50 $ 4.50 Total Cost (a*b) 5940000 4320000 3375000 3240000 Material Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. (Material C) Particulars December January February March Unit to be Produced 220000 160000 125000 120000 Material C required per unit 2 2 2 2 Total Material C needed 440000 (220000*2) 320000 (160000*2) 250000 (125000*2) 240000 (120000*2) Add: Closing Inventory - - - - Total Material C Required 440000 320000 250000 240000 Less: Opening Inventory - - - - Material C Purchased(a) 440000 320000 250000 240000 Material C cost per Kgs (b) $ 10.00 $ 10.00 $ 10.00 $ 10.00 Total Cost (a*b) 4400000 3200000 2500000 2400000 Particulars December January February March Material A Cost 2310000 1680000 1312500 1260000 Material B Cost 5940000 4320000 3375000 3240000 Material C Cost 4400000 3200000 2500000 2400000 Total Cost 12650000 9200000 7187500 6900000 (Budgeting Topics, 2016) Labour Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. Particulars December January February March Unit to be Produced 220000 160000 125000 120000 Labour Hours per unit 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Total Labour Hours Required (a) 110000 (220000*0.5) 80000 (160000*0.5) 62500 (125000*0.5) 60000 (120000*0.5) Machine Operating Cost per hour (b) 36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 Total Labour Cost (a*b) 3960000 2880000 2250000 2160000 (Budgeting Topics, 2016) Cash Budget for Milbourn Manufacturing Ltd. (Amount in $) Particulars December January February March Beginning Cash 1550 (4890950) 17204050 30442475 Add: Sources Of Cash (A) - Cash Sales - - - - - Accounts Receivable Collected - 35200000 25600000 20000000 - Asset Sales - - - - Total Cash Available 1550 30309050 42804050 50442475 Less: Uses Of Cash (B) - Direct Material 632500 9925000 9811575 7545625 - Direct Labour 3960000 2880000 2250000 2160000 - Manufacturing Overhead 300000 300000 300000 300000 - Selling Administrative - - - - - Asset Purchase - - - - Total Usage Of Cash 4892500 13105000 12361575 10005625 Net Cash Position (A-B) 4890950 17204050 30442475 40436850 (Budgeting Topics, 2016) Calculations of Payment made to the creditors (Amount in $) Particulars December January February March Total Cost for the month: Total Cost 12650000 9200000 7187500 6900000 Payment Made to the Creditors - December 632500 (12650000 * 5%) 632500 - January 9465000 460000 9925000 - February 2552500 6900000 359375 9811575 - March 1840000 5390625 345000 7545625 - April 1437500 5175000 6612500 - May 1380000 1380000 Creditors will be paid in the following way: Current Month 5% 30 Days 75% 60 days 20% Behavioural Aspect Behavioural Problems faced by the company when they use budget as the performance target are as follows: Dysfunctional Behaviour: Budgets are very important for organisations, as it provides a direction to them and also help them to achieve their goal by providing the same objective. People who are associated with the making and use of budget feels motivated and are eager to achieve their goal. But sometimes due to inappropriate carrying out of the budget and expectation of more than normal by the managers lead to a negative impact between the employees. Such a behaviour is known as dysfunctional behaviour, where the goal and objective of the organisation is not in line with the goal and objectives of the individual. Excessive Pressure due to Budget: budget are used to command and organise the company. Too much pressure on the managers and other subordinates to achieve the goal of the budget creates a very bad environment, their motivation is longer high which puts the higher authority in an annoying mood as the subordinates are not showing and doing their work with enthusiasm. It also happens that when the budget is not that hard to achieve, the subordinates lose their interest in achieving it. Their participation level turns out to be very low. So either way, a budget needs to be planned carefully or should be set accordingly as the objective of the organisation to prevent such problems. (Agarwal, Rohit, 2016) Participative budget is the budget where people of all level who are impacted by the budget participates for the preparation of that budget. It is more of a bottom up approach. Advantage of Participative Budget Participation of the employees and subordinates makes them feel motivated and more eager to achieve the budget A Participative Budget make the environment a bit in a gaming spirit, it bridges the gap between higher and lower authority by making them contact on a regular basis, It makes the subordinate increase their team spirit, execution and initiative. It brings out the creative side of the employees as they take it upon themselves to achieve their budget and solve any problem they are facing related to their execution. It makes them responsible too. Since the managers and other level of people have the same goal as that of the organisation, it helps the organisation to achieve the goal more easily and in faster pace, with higher degree of goal congruence. Disadvantage: When all level of people are involved in the preparation of the budget, it creates too much havoc, as too much people are participated in the discussion of the budget, sometimes the difference in opinion among the people makes it impossible to form a budget. (Question Answers, 2010) Cash Management Strategies to overcome temporary shortage of cash: Sell unwanted assets: In an organisation there some assets which is of no need to the organisation, it creates unwanted cost also in the name of insurance, overhead and maintenance. These costs will lead to loss of cash. IF the asset is sold, then it will not only remove unwanted cost, but will also bring in cash which are in need by the organisation. Sell of Investment: Organisation invest not only on asset thought which they can manufacture or provide services, they also invest in investments. Once they invest in them, they dont keep a track on it much, if during such shortage of cash, they can calculate the worth of investment and sell them off to gain more cash. Call on your outstanding money: An organisation have debtors who have not yet paid the money, or other people from where the organisation is supposed to receive money. They can call them in to repay their money, so that they can overcome a situation of cash shortage. Sold Old stock: Many a times. Organisation keep old stocks thinking that they might need them in future, but they only increase their storage cost and money. To increase their shortage in cash they can sold these stocks in market and increase their cash. 5.2 Cash Shortage Effects: If there is a cash shortage in business it will tie up the hands of the company, which will make it impossible for them to overcome any situation. Proper investment to make the best product for customer will not take place as there will shortage of cash. Such Cash Shortage will create aggression in the debenture holder, as they will not be paid there interest, they might out of such aggression ask for full redemption. Any payment to be made to the Creditors who is asking to make good of his credit, will create a bad relationship between the company and the creditors. Such Problems will not only create a bad reputation of the company, but will also make the lender or creditors against them, which will hamper the business badly. Consequences of carrying too much cash: There are many consequences on having excess cash these are: Decrease in Cost of Capital: It can be well explained with an example, Suppose a business has a total asset of $ 1000,000, out of which your cash is around $ 100,000, which is to be appropriate 10%, if we have a Return on asset of about 10% and the cost of capital is 13% then it might so happen that the company will bleed eventually due to such excess cost of capital. If the company use these extra cash to reduce their equity, this will eventually bring down the Cost of capital, which will make the Return on asset higher than the cost of capital. Over Confidence in Management: Management are over confident when they have excess in cash with them, they try to deal with any problem by using that excess cash they have, instead of actually solving it they pay more money to come out of that problem easily. For example, during mergers when they are having a problem relating to deciding the terms, they pay more cash for acquisition to make it easier. Which ultimately reduces the value of the company paying such huge amount of cash. Environmental Performance Environmental Report Milbourn Manufacturers Ltd. Environmental Cost Report For the year Ended Particulars Environmental Cost (Amount $) Percentage of Selected Operating Cost/Total Costs (%) Percentage of Selected Operating Cost/Total Sales (%) Prevention Costs: Initial evaluation of environmental standing of new suppliers 2100 Performing environmental studies 7500 Training employees 1400 11000 0.27 0.21 Detection Costs: Testing for contamination 28000 28000 0.68 0.53 Internal Costs: Treating and disposing of toxic waste 215000 Maintaining pollution equipment 39000 Operating pollution equipment 19000 Revising evaluation of some existing suppliers 700 Inefficient material usage 70000 343700 8.38 6.48 External Costs: Cleaning up chemically contaminated soil 260000 260000 6.34 4.91 Total: 642700 15.68 12.13 (Technical Articles, 2010) Total Cost = $ 4100,000 Total Sales = $ 5300,000 Strategy to reduce negative outcome by prioritizing some environmental costs: There are many environmental saving cost which is being incurred by the company to reduce their effect on the environment, if we follow a proper strategy we can reduce these cost by decreasing their impact on the environment. These costs are: Treating and disposing of toxic waste: IF we go through the cost incurred in this, we will surely find this the 2nd highest cost incurred to control environmental damage. These can be reduced, by making sure that the waste disposal is minimising. If these are not minimised then they can create huge cost. Cleaning up chemically contaminated soil: This is the highest environmental cost incurred by Milbourn Ltd., these can be reduces if chemicals used are prevented from getting into the soil. If these are reduced, then the soil will not be required to be cleaned, and the cost will also reduce. References Budgeting Topics (2016). Cash Budget [online] Accounting Tools. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/cash-budget [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Budgeting Topics (2016). Production Budget [online] Accounting Tools. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/production-budget [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Budgeting Topics (2016). Material Budget [online] Accounting Tools. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/material-budget [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Budgeting Topics (2016). Production Budget [online] Accounting Tools. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/direct-labor-budget [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Agarwal, Rohit (2016). Behavioural Implications of Budgeting [online] Your Article Library. Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/budgeting-accounting/behavioural-implications-of-budgeting-6-implications/52800/ [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Question Answers (2010). What is Participative Budget? [Online] Accounting Tools. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-participative-budgeting.html [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016] Technical Articles (2010). Environmental Management Accounting [Online] Acca Global. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f5/technical-articles/Env-MA.html [Accessed 27 Sept. 2016]

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PSYC110 week 5 written assignment Essays - Human Behavior

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Research methodology in tourism report

Research methodology in tourism report This chapter outlines the rationale for the research approach and methodology methods chosen and also explains the various processes involved in the research process itself. The methodology is a descriptive part of the research project which provides an evaluation of the methods, techniques and procedures used throughout the investigation. It is used to describe the scope and aims of the various research processes in detail. The subdivision will also briefly outline the meaning and differences between research methods and research methodology. The chapter will also momentarily framework adopting qualitative and quantitative processes. Finally, the research process itself will then be explained and justified and the process of raw data collection will be commented on. 3.2 Meaning of Research It is known that ‘research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge.’ [Kothari, 2004: 25]. There are various definitions of research, one of which suggests that ‘research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data: making deductions and reaching conclusions: and at last carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.’ [Kothari, 2004: 25]. However, Kumar [2010: 11] argues that research is the ‘pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment.’ Therefore, the purpose of research aims to determine answer or questions through the application of scientific procedures. Kothari [2004: 25] further illustrates that ‘the main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet.’ 3.3 Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods A mixed method research can be defined in several definitions which have emerged over time incorporating various elements of methods, research processes, and philosophy and research design. Croswell and Clark [2008: 2] outline mixed methods as the combination of ‘qualitative and quantitative approach in the methodology of study.’ It is the type of research in which the researcher combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Croswell and Clark [2008: 4] illustrate that mixed method approach is used ‘for the purpose if breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration.’ Therefore a mixed method research approach combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be used throughout the research as it accounts for ‘the primary purpose of a study conducted with a mixed methods way of thinking it to better understand the complexity of the social phenomena being studied.’ [Greene, 2007: 20]. 3.4 Qualitative Research A Qualitative approach to the research is to be taken as it will provide an insight into the setting of the problem to generate ideas and/or hypotheses for later quantitative research. Qualitative research allows an individual to obtain information that is not necessarily all statistical if any at all by conducting interviews, producing questionnaires for numerous amounts of people or providing personal information. Qualitative research can also be best identified as a ‘natural setting where the researcher is an instrument of data collection, who gathers words or pictures, analyses them inductively, focuses on the meaning of participants, and describes a process that is expressive and persuasive language.’ [Creswell, 2008: 14]. Patton (2002) also suggests that the ‘thought of research design substitutes and method adoptions can identify directly to the relative strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative data, therefore the answer to particular questions is primarily a pragmatic one’. Other definition of qualitative can be seen as:- Qualitative research†¦. is based more on information expressed in words†¦This approach is common whenever people are the focus of the study. (Walliman, 2006: 187) Patton [2002: 14] identifies that qualitative method ‘require the use of standardised measure so that the varying perspectives and experiences of people can fit into a limited number of predetermined response categories to which are assigned.’ Furthering to this Patton [2002: 15] argues that qualitative methods characteristically produce a wealth of detailed information from a much smaller sample population that increases the ‘depth of understanding of the cases and studies but reduces generalizability’ [Merriam, 2014: 100], thus, the overall purposes of qualitative research is to achieve ‘understanding of how people make sense out of their lives, delineate the process of meaning-making, and describe how people interpret what they experience.’ [Merriam, 2014: 100]. Hennink, Hutter and Bailey (2011: 97) state that ‘qualitative research is a broad umbrella term that covers a wide range of techniques and philosophies.’ Subsequently, it is not to define as in broad terms qualitative research is an approach that allows a person to examine people’s experiences in details, by using a specific set of research methods. 3.4.1 Strengths of Qualitative Research There are much strength in terms of qualitative research, in forms of personal experiences and a way to gather suitable data which might not have been investigated before. Tracey [2013: 97] states that ‘qualitative research is excellent for studying contexts you are personally curious about but have never had a ‘valid’ reason for entering’. In addition to personal interest or disciplined voyeurism, qualitative data provide insight into cultural activities that might not otherwise be missed in structured surveys or experiments.’ (Tracey, 2013: 97). As a result of these strengths the qualitative research method will be a good research approach as it will identify personal and emotional experiences data and not just statistical this will entail the researcher a better understanding of what emotional motivations people have when travelling, thus reflecting back to the aim is commonly known as quantitative research which compact data that is numerical form which is later evaluated using statistical methods to aid with finding of the outcome of the research obtained. 3.5 Quantitative Research The second research approach will be quantitative research. Quantitative research is scientific investigation that includes both experiments and other systematic methods that emphasize control and quantified measures of performance (Proctor Capaldi, 2006 cited in Hoy, 2009: 1]. Quantitative research is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon, particularly questions seem immediately suited to being answered using qualitative methods.’ [Muijs, 2011: 1] ‘Quantitative analysis deals with numbers and uses mathematical operations to investigate the properties of data.’ [Walliman, 2012: 179]. The main characteristic of quantitative data is that it consists of information that is, in some way or other, quantifiably [Rasinger, 2012: 10]. Therefore quantitative data can be implemented into numbers, figures and graphs, and processes it using statistical procedures. 3.6 Research Methods After identifying the types of research approaches that will be used, the next fragment looks at what methods will be most appropriate to this research project. Identifying appropriate research methods are important as Rugg, Gordon, Pete and Marian [2007:2] identifies ‘research determines the overall structure of your research’. 3.6.1 Qualitative Research Methods 3.6.2 Interviews Interviews will be the only qualitative research method used within the research. The purpose of in depth interviewing is not to test hypotheses, and not to ‘evaluate’ as the term that is normally used.’ [Seidman 2013: 9]. Interviews are inherently more flexible, whatever the level of structure, ranging as they do from ‘listening in’ and asking questions in a real-life setting to the standardized recording schedules used by market researchers.’ [Gilham, 2005: 3]. Dougherty [2014: 94] state that ‘different types of interviews produce different types of responses from different people.’ The researcher will identify the most appropriate form of interview to be implemented during qualitative research. There are three common types of interviews; unstructured, structured and open-ended, and structure and fixed response. 3.6.3 Unstructured interviews, Structured and Open-ended, Structured Fix Response Interview Unstructured interviews are characterised by a minimal direction of their content by the interviewer and allow for adapting the questions depending on the respondent [Dougherty, 2014: 94], whereas, structured and open-ended interviews consist of a set of preselected questions that the consultant asks the interviewee. Dougherty [2014: 94] illustrates that ‘this type of interview is considered more flexible than procedures such as surveys and checklists.’ The final type of interview is structured and fixed response. Structured and fix response interviews provide both predetermined questions and responses from which to choose. They allow for standardization and tend to have a high level of reliability. [Beaver and Busse, 2000] 3.6.4 Semi-structured interviews The researcher will therefore use the Semi-structured interview technique used during qualitative research as stated previously ‘unstructured interviews are characterised by a minimal direction of their content by the interviewer [Dougherty, 2014: 94]. By using semi-structured interviews the researcher can seek both clarification and elaboration on the answer given and record qualitative information regarding the topic [Fisher, 2007]. Schensul [1999: 149] best defines semi-structured interviews as a:- ‘predetermined questions related to domains of interest, administrated to a representative sample of respondents to confirms study domains, and identify factors, variables, and items or attributes of variables for analysis or use in a survey’. Semi-structured interviews combine the flexibility of the unstructured, open-ended interview with the directionality and agenda of the survey instrument to produce focused, qualitative, textual data at the factor level’ [Schensul,1999:149]. Semi- structured interviews will therefore accomplish the following objectives, firstly to further clarify the central domains and factors in the study, secondly to operationalize factors variables, thirdly to develop preliminary hypotheses and finally, develop a qualitative base for the construction of an ethnographic survey if required one [Schensul, 1999: 150]. The characteristics of semi-structured interviews are that although there is a question framework to ensure consistency, answers are open-ended and will allow the respondents to communicate their ideas freely. Similar the structured interview, the semi-structured interviews are constructed around a core of standard questions as illustrated in appendix one which identifies the check list the researcher will use to ensure all appropriate questions are asked. The researcher may probe the participant and obtain further classification or detail on a certain topic. As Oppenheim [1998: 81] states ‘the respondent are allowed to say what they think and to do so with greater richness and spontaneity’. 3.6.5 Letter’s to organisations The semi-structured interviews were agreed by the referral of letter as seen in appendix two. The researcher obtained conformation by requesting the arrangement to interview the individual by letter. The letter provided all relevant information regarding the main objectives of the letter and areas of interest, necessary information regarding what the research was about and the need for investigation for the research. The researcher will also request each individual to fill in a consent form, as seen in appendix three. 3.6.5 Who will the interviews by with? The researchers chose three tourism related individuals who all had some kind of relation to the tourism industry within New Quay to conduct interviews with. These particular individuals were chosen as they would be the most appropriate candidate to provide relevant information in regards to the research project. The first interviewee was the General Manager of Quay West. The researcher chose to undertake one of three semi-structured interviews with as Quay West was one of Haven’s Britain’s favourite seaside holiday resort which labelled themselves as ‘Britain’s largest provider of domestic holidays.’ [Haven, 2014]. The researcher could then ask significant tourism related questions that provide interesting findings. The second interviewee was a customer service advisor within the tourist information centre in New Quay. The researcher decided to arrange a semi-structure interview with the tourism information centre as the interviwer can question and obtain an inside knowledge of what types of tourist visit, what motivates tourism to New Quay and their opinion in terms of the reliance of tourism within New Quay. Finally, the researcher requested an interview with a member of the New Quay council. The research choose a member of the New Quay Council with the hope that they can obtain relevant information, first hand experiences with tourism within the town and finally a personal opinion on their thoughts and feeling in terms of tourism within New Quay. 3.7 Strategy of Researcher In Doing Mixed Method Approach The strategy of the researcher in doing the mixed method approach of both qualitative and quantitative research methods was to undertake semi-structured interviews to provide relevant questions reflecting back on the answers that were given to create pilot questionnaires and questionnaires to gather quantitative research. 3.8 Quantitative Research Methods 3.8.1 Pilot Questionnaires and Questionnaires Cargan [2007: 116] defines that ‘a pretest or pilot study is a means of checking whether the survey can be administered and provide accurate data.’ The advantages of questionnaires over interview, for instance, are; it tends to be more reliable, it encourages age’s greater honesty because it is anonymous, its more economical then the interview in terms of time and money and there is the possibility that it may be mailed [Cohen, Manion, Morriosn, 2011: 209]. The researcher will aim to efficiently organize questionnaires as Gillham [2000:6] notes that ‘response to even large-scale questionnaires can be pulled within a matter of weeks’, ensuring questionnaires are returned as prompt as possible. This is why the combined mix methods approach of qualitative and quantitative was used to accomplish more of an accurate research within this dissertation. Consequently, a research instrument like a questionnaire to collect data will be used as the quantitative r esearch methods for its known validity and reliability this can be seen in appendix four. Baring in mind the researcher will also take into consideration the disadvantages of a questionnaire. Which are; there is often too low a percentage of return, if only closed items are used, the questionnaire may lack coverage or authenticity and as Gillham [2000: 2] states ‘they seek to get answers just by asking questions.’ ‘Therefore, Cohen et al [2011: 209] state that ‘there is a need, therefore, to pilot questionnaires and refine their contents, wording and length, etc. as appropriate for the sample is being targeted.’ 3.7 Role of the researchers The first element of the researcher’s role was to contact and arrange interviews via email, the second was to create and distribute questionnaires from answers implemented from the previous interviews. Contacting the interviewee’s was done via sending consent letters to conduct an interview via email as seen in appendix one. Many of the interviews were held during mid-week, Wednesday and Thursday. This was because this was the most convenient time for all interviewee’s and the researcher. The questionnaires were the second element of the researcher’s role. The researcher firstly created a pilot questionnaire as identified in appendix five. This was to ensure all questions asked were appropriate to the research and to ensure the format was correct. Once done the researcher then finalized and distributed the questionnaires on Saturday afternoon during half term in New Quay town. The distribution of questionnaires was 10am to 4pm, providing with enough time t o collect effective data from passing tourists. After the distribution of questionnaires the researcher then collected and analysed. 3.8 Validity, Reliability and Research Ethics The techniques of research selected within the methodology were for the reason that they were convenient, relevant and effective. Alternative motives were that the researcher was able to travel to interviews arranged and collect questionnaires that were distributed. The researcher already had an idea of the area and therefore could co-ordinate her time efficiently during the distribution of questionnaires to the busy areas of the town. To ensure the research was reliable the researcher firstly conducted interviews, from the interviewee’s responses the researcher was than able to create a pilot questionnaire and requested one participant to fill it in as seen in appendix five. Ensuring the pilot questionnaire with all the relevant questions asked was important, once this was clarified the researcher was then able to finalize and distribute the questionnaires, this can also been seen in appendix four. The researcher furthermore had to require ethical approval before data collection commences as ethics is a primary responsibility of conduct of the ethical research which lies with the researcher. This ensured that the data collected during the research process was ethical and did not contravene any of Cardiff Metropolitan University’s ethical regulations. Ethical approval can also be known as a safeguard to the researcher when conducting the research. the research the researcher also considered that occasionally there can be Ethical issues in Research, this includes researchers can be exposed to moral and ethical dilemmas and issues such as two dominant ethical principles in research with human subjects; informed consent and the protection of subject harm.

The Relation of Rights to the Real :: Ontology Bentham Papers

The Relation of Rights to the Real This paper approaches Bentham's ontology of rights from a viewpoint influenced by American philosophical pragmatism. I examine how rights are conceived and discussed in relation to the real. Jeremy Bentham maintained that all rights are "fictitious entities." But, in privileging "political" over moral and natural rights, Bentham implies that legal rights stand in a privileged position over natural rights with regard to the relation of mind to the actual. By reason of its enforceability through sanctions, a legal right for Bentham has a privileged connection to the real. I argue that nonlegal rights can be conceived as bearing a roughly parallel relation to the real in guiding human conduct by suasion rather than sanctions. Their relationship to "something real and observable" is their relation to voluntary conduct through belief. Bentham's ontology dictates a distinct legal and political system. Practically, it leaves the real existence of rights entirely in the hands of government o fficials, and the only choice of humans interested in securing rights lies in their enactment and enforcement in and through a legal regime. In this paper I will approach Bentham's ontology of rights from a viewpoint influenced by American philosophical pragmatism. In order to do so, some introductory remarks are necessary. There is more than one version of "American pragmatism," but I think it safe to say that there are only two that are relevent here; I will call them A and B. Pragmatism A finds its main sources in Peirce, James, Dewey, and Holmes, and tends toward what might roughly be identified as ontological realism. (1) Pragmatism B draws from a somewhat different reading of Dewey and Holmes, not so much from Peirce and James, and has been profoundly influenced by Wittgenstein and the so-called linguistic turn in philosophy; its principal exponent has been Richard Rorty. It tends toward both "antirealism" and, some might say, a contemporary nominalism. For those interested I will provide explanatory references (2) and proceed to pragmatism A, which is the preferred version for me and the approach I find so helpful. Why? Because I find the literature of law and rights filled with distinct and often conflicting ontological assumptions. In a moment I will give an example. But to summarize the paper, we must start with the fact that there are conflicting theories of law and its leading categories, from the most general (e.g. rights) to the more specific (like contract).

Archaeological sites in the landscape

What are the chief methods used to detect archeological sites in the landscape? Critically assess the pros and cons of the methods you identify utilizing relevant illustrations.The archeologist uses a scope of techniques to actively detect and turn up archeological sites within the landscape ; these methods are non-invasive and non-destructive and autumn into four wide classs: * Desk Top Surveys †¢ Surface Surveys * Geophysical and Geochemical studies †¢ Aerial Surveys ( Grant et Al, 2002. p5 ) . In add-on to these, some sites may be discovered by opportunity, for illustration when quarrying, dredging and peat film editing or merely out in walking in the landscape. These wide classs all complement each other and the most relevant methods in each instance will depend on the terrain of the country being investigated and the resources and clip available for probe. Besides, the inquiries being asked and the grade of truth required will hold an consequence on how these techniques are used ( Greene. 1991. p54 ) .Desk Top Surveys:The desk top study is office based and uses bing paperss such as maps, historical paperss, old archeological records, images and literature, all of which can all supply intimations and mentions to archeological sites. Maps can be used to turn up sites, and are among the most basic resources available to the archeologist. Early sixteenth century maps are non ever to scale but can be really utile, Ordnance Survey started printing maps in the early nineteenth century and, by analyzing a sequence of maps of an country, much can be learnt from the alterations in usage of the land and edifices. ( Grant et Al, 2002. p8 ) . Old tithe maps and terriers, normally found amongst the workss and documents associating to the ownership and direction of estates and belongingss, may offer penetration about forgotten sites ( Barker, 1993 ) . Although the bulk of early records have non survived, there is still a broad scope of available which the archeologist may happen of value. Legal records, including volitions and tribunal records, can supply boundaries of ownership and hints to the maps of edifices. The Domesday Book and other revenue enhancement records and tithe awards can place the economic usage and boundaries of land, Pictorial records such photographs pictures, and engravings, and descriptive histories written in books, journals and travelogues can all be of value. Of peculiar involvement is the work of William Stukeley ( 1687 – 1785 ) , an accurate and observant recording equipment who travelled extensively throughout Britain, and William Camden ( 1551 – 1623 ) , whose thorough and elaborate descriptions were published in the first general usher to the antiquities in Britain, ‘Britannia ‘ in 1585 ( Greene pp24 – 27 ) . These records can be freely found in museums, libraries and private aggregations and may offer a rare record of an archeological characteristic. Detailss of any old archeological diggings, discoveries and old study consequences are all held in local SMR and national NMR offices and can offer insight into possible sites for geographic expedition. There is frequently much truth hidden in the fables and narratives of antiquity and a survey of these may supply a hint to a forgotten or topographic point. Most traditions and myths are founded on existent people and topographic points which, over clip, can go overdone and incredible. ( Grant et al. 2002. p8 ) . By sifting the embroidery from these legends the archeologist is frequently left with a helpful factual narration. This is a inexpensive and effectual manner of reaping information, but it can be clip devouring. During interviews with local occupants in Kythera, Greece a huge sum of anecdotal information was generated on the usage of the landscape of the island, its ‘ forsaking and reuse, and the connexions between people, small towns and churches which all helped to put archeological work into context ( Johnson & A ; Wilson. 2003 ) . The desk top study is of peculiar value where probes are portion of the planning procedure to determine whether there are likely to be archeological remains which could be lost or threatened as a portion of the edifice and development of the land. ( Grant et al 2002. p6 ) . Many historical records are free to entree and can be found in libraries, museums, County Records and Archives Offices, on the cyberspace, at Local and National Sites and Monuments Records offices and in private aggregations.Surface Surveys.These are ocular studies which seek to happen hints of possible sites and are carried out, most normally, on pes. A surface study can be systematic or unsystematic, although the most normally used, is a systematic attack ( Renfrew & A ; Bahn. 2008. p78 ) . The intent is to do a study of archeological discoveries within an country to find if they might indicate to past human activity ( Lynch. 2006 ) . A grid is usually laid out on the land to help function and a squad of Walkers go over each country on the grid, entering sites and discoveries. The overall record of the types and spread of the artifacts found can give a good thought of the age of a site and its possible old utilizations ( Adkins et al 2008 ) . Fieldwalking is an effectual and comparatively inexpensive manner of appraising land and has a critical topographic point in the find of archeological sites. Once the discoveries are identified and analysed, the informations can besides assist to supply information about the day of the month of a site and its possible maps. Consequences are by and large more dependable where the part is walked repeatedly as a long term undertaking ( Renfrew & A ; Bahn. 2008. p 79 ) . It does hold some restrictions in that different fieldwalkers may hold differential types of aggregation across the same sight. Fieldwalking works best on cultivable land, but needs to be carried out at times in the cultivable rhythm when flora is low. ( Grant 2002 ) . Tesserae found during field walking at Rowler Manor in Croughton, Northamptonshire led to the find in 1991 of a Roman Villa along with a Mosaic paving ( Dawson, 2008 )Geochemical and Geophysical SurveysThe activity of worlds significantly alters the geoche mical composing of dirt, and the archeologist can utilize chemical testing to find countries of change to the dirt by human activity. The most common geophysical trial is phosphate analysis. This chemical is present in most living things and the presence of domesticated animate beings, people and workss in a landscape will increase the concentration of phosphates in that landscape. Areas of high impregnation of phosphates can so be explored farther to determine the significance of the activity ( Renfrew & A ; Bahn. 2008. p105 ) . At Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion in Wales, geochemical analysis was used to find that entombments on this Early Christian Burial site could be identified utilizing phosphate analysis and possible grave sites of farther entombments were recorded ( Murphy 1992 ) . Geophysical surveying has developed well over the last few old ages and is used with great success in archeological site prospection. There are two chief methods of geophysical surveying, these are electrical resistively and magnetometery ( Bowden 1999. P 120 ) . Resistivity appraising involves go throughing an electrical current through investigation set into the land, and is based on the ability of sub-surface stuffs to carry on that current, By and large, higher opposition characteristics such as inhumed walls have a limited wet content and infilled ditches and cavities which retain wet will give lower readings. ( Reference ) The technique is particularly suited to the find of rock constructions. Its success is affected by local geology and besides the conditions conditions. Very dry or really wet conditions, every bit good as fluctuations in the temperature can impact the quality of the consequences as they affect rate of flow of the electric current. The electric resistance equipment is heavy to utilize and the study can take some clip to finish, but this is a cost effectual method of study. Magnetised Fe oxides are present in the dirt and past human activity alters and redistributes these, making stronger and weaker responses which can be detected as magnetic anomalousnesss. It is really portable and good for rapid surveying of land. The consequences produced can be really elaborate and they are really utile for placing inhumed ditches, cavities, kilns and fireplaces. ( Reference ) The undersoil of the land can act upon the consequences ; the most antiphonal dirts being are chalks and limestone. Igneous undersoils are the most hard to look into with this technique and the consequences on clay dirts can be fickle. Electric resistance and magnetometry techniques were used in karstic terrains in County Cork, Ireland, which identified the place of a antecedently unknown cave ( Gibson et al, 2004 ) . A figure of newer techniques including Ground Penetrating Radar ( GPR ) and Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) are besides available and going popular tools for the archeologist. GPR was developed for usage in defense mechanism and technology. It is an expensive procedure and is of greatest value where buried sedimentations are close to the surface of the dirt. It has the benefit that it can take readings through tarmac surfaces, and hence is utile in urban environments ( Grant et al. 2002 ) . GIS is a powerful computerised function system with the ability to analyze quantitative informations, which is utile for plotting spreads of discoveries and trial hypothesis. GIS was efficaciously used at Tel Shiqmona, Israel, to carry on coastal and marine studies and to measure the potency of Maritime trading with the Phoenicians ( Breman. 2003 )Aerial SurveiesThe usage of aerial picture taking was pioneered by O G S Crawford, an Archaeologist and Observer in the Royal Flying Corps during Word War 1. Crop Markss, dirt Markss and shadow Markss all cause forms which can be observed from the air. Most aerial exposure for archeology usage are taken at an oblique angle which give better positions of a site, although they do falsify the position. It is of import to include a landmark in the exposure in order to supply a fixed point for mapping a site ( Riley 1982 ) .Aerial Photograph of Crook Laithe Settlement, Linton, Yorkshire.This technique is most effectual on cultivable land and highland countries, least effectual on to a great extent ploughed land and ineffective on to a great extent built up countries and land with plastic covering over harvests. Aerial picture taking is valuable to the archeologist and an huge figure of archeological finds have been made utilizing this method ( Riley, 1982 ) . In a study in Augacatel, Mexico, where heavy jungle prohibited the economical usage of land studies, 25 exposure were taken uncovering up to 63 possible adult male made cons tructions ( Matheny, 1962 ) The conditions conditions are of import and exposures are best taken when the Sun is low in the sky ( early forenoon or eventide ) on a clear twenty-four hours, as the shadow Markss will demo up best under these conditions ( Adkins 2002 ) . The costs of winging are expensive, but since the equipment and movie are relatively inexpensive and big distances may be covered in one flight, this is an effectual and important technique to use in archeological prospection. In add-on to these techniques, some sites are discovered rather by opportunity. In 1985, a husbandman found a figure of castanetss and a little unit of ammunition lead object on a sandbank in Orkney. After demoing his discoveries to an archeologist, this lead to the find of a Viking boat entombment ( Towrie 2010 ) . Whilst delving a well, some provincials unearthed fragments of terracotta, which lead to the find of arguably, one of the most dramatic finds of the twentieth century, The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang in China ( Tianchou 1996 ) . The high cost of archeological diggings mean that it is of import for the archeologist to cognize where to delve in order to avoid expensive errors. The techniques outlined above all assist the archeologist in the find of sites in the landscape, so that future diggings can be carried out in the most cost and clip effectual mode. ‘It is singular how much can be revealed about a site without digging ‘ ( Greene 1991. P 42 ) .MentionsAdkins, R & A ; L and Leitch, V. 2008. The Handbook of British Archaeology ( revised edition ) . London. Constable & A ; Robinson Ltd. Barker, Philip. 1993. Techniques of Archaeological Excavation. 3rd Edition. London. B.T. Batsford Ltd. Bowden, Mark ( Ed. ) . 1999. Unraveling the Landscape. An Inquisitive Approach to Archaeology. Stroud. Tempus Printing Ltd. Breman, J. Journal of GIS in Archaeology. Volume I. APRIL, 2003. Marine Archaeology goes Underwater with GIS. Dawson, M. 2008. Northamptonshire Archaeology. Vol 35 2008. Excavation of the Roman Villa and Mosaic at Rowler Manor, Croughton, Northamptonshire p 45 – 93 Gibson, P.J. Lyle P. , & A ; George D.M. Aug 2004 Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 66, no. 2, p. 35-38. Application of electric resistance and magnetometry geophysical techniques for near-surface probes in karstic terrains in Ireland. Grant, J. Gorin, S. & A ; Fleming, N. 2002 The Archaeology Coursebook. London, Routledge Greene, Kevin, 1991. Archaeology. An Introduction ( Revised Edition ) . London, B T Batsford Ltd. Johnson, I & A ; Wilson, A. Journal of GIS in Archaeology. Volume I. APRIL, 2003. Making the Most of Maps: Field Survey on the Island of Kythera Lynch, Tim. Nov 2006, British Heritage ; Vol. 27 Issue 5, p52-54, 3p Matheny, R.T. American Antiquity, Vol. 28, No. 2 ( Oct. , 1962 ) , pp. 226-230. Value of Aerial Photography in Surveying Archaeological Sites in Coastal Jungle Regions Published by: Society for American Archaeology Murphy, K. ( 1992 ) Archaeological Journal, Vol 149, pp. 1-38. Renfrew, C & A ; Bahn, P. 2008. Archeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. ( 5th Edition ) . London, Thames and Hudson Ltd. Riley, D.N. 1982. Aerial Archaeology in Britain. Aylesbury, Shire Publications Limited. Tianchou, Fu ( ed. ) 1996. The Belowground Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Beijung. New World Press Towrie, Sigurd: 2010. The Orkney Jar. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orkneyjar.com/history/scarboat/index.html [ accessed 8th March2010 ]